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1-12

Getting Started

Figure 1-1 Basic VCS Compilation and Simulation Flow

Simulation

simv

Debug

VCS

Simulate

Step1: Compilation

% vcs mem.v cpu.v

Verilog

Code

(mem.v, cpu.v)

Executable

VPD

Files

Step 2: Simulation

% simv

DVE

Command Line

Interface

Interactive Debugging

1 2 ... 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ... 148 149

User Guide 1
Contents 3
Getting Started 1 47
Getting Started 48
What VCS Supports 49
Main Components of VCS 49
Preparing to Run VCS 52
Obtaining a License 53
Setting Up Your Environment 54
Setting Up Your C Compiler 55
VCS Workflow 56
Coverage Metrics User Guide 57
% vcs mem.v cpu.v 58
Basic Compile-Time Options 60
Running a Simulation 64
Basic Runtime Options 65
Modeling Your Design 1 69
Avoiding Race Conditions 70
Flip-Flop Race Condition 72
Counting Events 74
Time Zero Race Conditions 75
Conditional Compilation 77
Combining the Techniques 81
and more 91
Case Statement Behavior 92
Memory Size Limits in VCS 93
Using Sparse Memory Models 93
Obtaining Scope Information 95
Modeling Your Design 100
Avoiding Circular Dependency 101
Dealing With Unassigned Nets 103
Code Values at Time 0 104
Signal Value/Strength Codes 106
Compiling Your Design 1 109
Using the vcs Command 110
Incremental Compilation 111
Triggering Recompilation 112
Using Lint 118
+lint=GCWM,NCEID 119
+lint=none 120
Enabling the Checking 123
Filtering Out False Negatives 124
HSOPT Technology 126
Condition 128
+cliecho +no_pulse_msg 129
+sdverbose +vcs+finish 129
Performance Considerations 131
Compilation 136
Doing SDF annotation 137
Minimizing Memory Consumption 138
Memory Setup 140
/usr/ccs/bin/sparcv9/ld 141
Using Radiant Technology 142
Known Limitations 143
The Configuration File Syntax 145
Radiant Technology 151
Library Mapping Files 153
Displaying Library Matching 155
Configurations 156
Configuration Syntax 157
Hierarchical Configurations 159
The -top Compile-Time Option 160
Limitations of Configurations 161
Simulating Your Design 1 163
% executable [options] 164
Simulating Your Design 165
Save and Restart 166
Save and Restart File I/O 168
Simulation 170
Improving Performance 174
Profiling the Simulation 175
CPU Time Views 176
“Moduletime” 181
Memory Usage Views 186
The Program View 189
Example 4-12 Program View 189
DVE Panes 194
Managing DVE Windows 194
Setting Display Preferences 200
VPD and EVCD File Generation 209
Advantages of VPD 210
$vcdplusoff 212
$vcdplusoff(test.risc1.alu1); 213
$vcdplusflush; 213
$vcdplusautoflushon 214
$vcdplusautoflushoff 214
Syntax for Specifying MDAs 215
Note: Unlimited dimensions 219
$vcdplusmemon( mem01 ); 220
Starting bound: 221
Ending bound: 221
Example 6-6 Selected element: 225
Using $vcdplusmemorydump 226
Execution Data 227
Execution 228
Source Statement System Tasks 229
$vcdplustraceon 229
$vcdplusdeltacycleon; 230
$vcdplusdeltacycleoff; 231
$vcdplusglitchon; 231
$vcdplusglitchoff; 232
Runtime Options 233
+vpdbufsize+nn 234
+vpdfile+filename 234
+vpdfilesize+nn 235
+vpdignore 235
+vpddrivers 236
+vpdnoports 236
+vpdnocompress 236
VPD Methodology 237
VPD On/Off PLI Rules 240
Performance Tips 241
EVCD File Generation 243
VCD and VPD File Utilities 1 245
The vcdpost Utility 246
" out1 [6] $end 247
The vcdpost Utility Syntax 248
The vcdiff Utility 249
The vcdiff Utility Syntax 250
VCD and VPD File Utilities 251
The vcat Utility 256
The vcat Utility Syntax 257
10000 x 258
30 z 258
The vcsplit Utility 267
The vcd2vpd Utility 270
The vpd2vcd Utility 272
The Command file Syntax 274
The vpdmerge Utility 277
Restrictions 279
Value Conflicts 280
Using UCLI 285
UCLI Interactive Commands 286
UCLI Command-Alias File 291
Operating System Commands 291
CLI Commands 294
For example: 298
Traversing Call-stacks 301
Command Files 303
Key Files 305
Post-Processing 2 317
Post-Processing 318
Line Tracing 319
Delta Cycle 319
Race Detection 1 321
Race Detection 322
Enabling Race Detection 324
Conditions 325
The Race Detection Report 325
END RACE REPORT 326
Post Processing the Report 328
#! /usr/local/bin/perl 330
Delays and Timing 1 335
Transport and Inertial Delays 336
Delays and Timing 337
Pulse Control 341
+pulse_e/0 +pulse_r/0 347
Specifying the Delay Mode 354
SDF Backannotation 1 357
Using SDF Files 358
The $sdf_annotate System Task 359
SDF Backannotation 360
Precompiling an SDF File 363
The SDF Configuration File 372
Delay Objects and Constructs 373
MTM=MAXIMUM; 376
379
Example: 381
DEVICE (1:2:3) 385
(INSTANCE CELLTYPE) 387
(ABSOLUTE 387
(DEVICE B (1:2:3)) 387
INTERCONNECT Delays 388
Min:Typ:Max Delays 393
+timopt+100ns 396
DONE TIMOPT 397
Editing the timopt.cfg File 399
Editing Clock Signal Entries 400
Negative Timing Checks 1 401
Negative Timing Checks 402
reg clk, d; 414
reg rst; 414
wire q; 414
Checking Conditions 418
How VCS Calculates Delays 420
So the timing checks are now: 425
Timing violation in top.fd1_1 427
SAIF Support 2 429
Using SAIF Files 430
SAIF System Tasks 430
$toggle_start(); 431
$toggle_stop(); 431
$toggle_reset(); 431
"rtl_on" 432
"off" 432
"on" 432
System Tasks 433
SAIF Support 434
SWIFT Environment Variables 438
${LD_LIBRARY_PATH} 439
Generating Verilog Templates 440
Using the PLI 2 453
Using the PLI 454
Writing a PLI Application 455
The PLI Table File 458
ACC_capabilities 460
PLI Specifications 461
ACC Capabilities 463
or read 465
or read_write 465
or callback 465
‘celldefine compiler 467
-y and -v compile-time 467
Features 469
or force 471
Using the PLI Table File 472
Enabling ACC Capabilities 473
Configuration File 474
{accWrite}; 475
+applylearn+filename 479
Using VPI Routines 481
DirectC Interface 3 489
DirectC Interface 490
Declaring the C/C++ Function 494
Calling the C/C++ Function 500
Converting Strings 505
Avoiding a Naming Problem 507
Using Direct Access 508
Using the vc_hdrs.h File 515
Using Abstract Access 517
Using vc_handle 518
Using Access Routines 519
’b’, ’o’, ’d’, or ’x’ 531
This example now displays: 532
The C code is as follows: 537
Same as vc_toInteger 537
U *vc_2stVectorRef(vc_handle) 539
UB *vc_MemoryRef(vc_handle) 544
memcpy(p2,p1,8); 545
p2 += 8; 545
} 545
#define scalar_0 0 560
#define scalar_1 1 560
#define scalar_z 2 560
#define scalar_x 3 560
U vc_mdaSize(vc_handle, U) 564
565
Summary of Access Routines 565
Enabling C/C++ Functions 569
Specifying the DirectC.h File 571
Useful Compile-Time Options 572
Environment Variables 573
Interface 1 577
Usage Scenario Overview 580
Supported Port Data Types 581
Input Files Required 583
The Verilog model is display: 587
Using GNU Compilers on Linux 591
Generating the Wrapper 593
Instantiating the Wrapper 595
Elaborating the Design 597
Use a Stubs File 599
Using a Port Mapping File 602
Debugging the Verilog Code 605
Transaction Level Interface 607
Interface Definition File 609
Transaction Debug Output 613
Instantiation and Binding 614
Miscellaneous 618
Using OpenVera Assertions 1 623
Introducing OVA 624
Using OVA Directives 625
Using OpenVera Assertions 626
OVA Flow 629
Linter General Rule Messages 631
Linter General Rule Messages: 638
OVA Runtime Options 643
OVAPP Flow 647
[-ova_dir directory_path] 648
Directory 654
Viewing Output Results 663
Using the Default Report 664
Command Line Options 667
Inlining OVA in Verilog 670
Specifying Pragmas in Verilog 671
Methods for Inlining OVA 672
//ova_begin 674
//OVA_END 674
//ova bind 675
//ova [(port1, ..., portN)]; 675
Checker Library 678
Case Checking 681
// ova parallel_case; 682
// ova full_case; 682
// ova no_case; 682
Use Model 685
Limitations on the Input 686
Recommended Methodology 688
Caveats 688
Post-processing Flow 689
Global Monitoring 692
Name-Based Monitoring 695
(category, action); 696
Task Invocation From the CLI 698
Debug Control Tasks 699
Calls From Within Code 700
$ova_stop system task: 701
$ova_severity_action: 703
OpenVera Native Testbench 1 707
OpenVera Native Testbench 708
OpenVera 709
Other Features 710
Preprocessor Directives 712
Top Level Constructs 713
Program Block 713
"Hello World!" 714
The Template Generator 715
Multiple Program Support 717
Compiling Multiple Programs 719
Example Configuration File 725
Multiple program example: 726
[ntb_compile-time_options] 730
% simv +vcs_runtime_options 730
-ntb_shell_only] tb.vr 732
Top-level Verilog Module 733
% simv +ntb_load=./libtb.so 734
Compile-time Options 735
-ntb_filext .vr 737
-ntb_filext .vr+.vri+.vrl 737
-ntb_incdir ../src1 737
Value Description 744
Reordering 747
Circular Dependencies 749
Encryption 749
Using Encrypted Files 750
Testbench Functional Coverage 751
Measuring Coverage 755
-cg_coverage_control=value 757
Example 21-2 758
Coverage Reporting Flow 760
Mozilla): 761
Solver Choice 767
Temporal Assertions 769
Temporal Assertion Flow 771
Including the Header Files 772
Resetting Assertion 773
Suspending Threads 776
Terminating the AssertEngine 777
Example Testbench 777
Together 781
Scope of Interoperability 782
Data Type Mapping 786
Mailboxes and Semaphores 787
Strings 789
Enumerated Types 789
Integers and Bit-Vectors 792
Structs and Unions 794
Connecting to the Design 795
Miscellaneous Issues 800
Constructs 800
Functional Coverage 801
Testbench Optimization 805
Enabling the NTB Profiler 806
Performance Profiler Example 806
Example 21-11 dpi.c 807
Compile: 808
0.84% of the total time 810
VCS Memory Profiler 811
Note: 817
VCS Memory Profiler Output 818
SystemVerilog Data Types 822
The chandle Data Type 823
User-Defined Data Types 825
Enumerations 825
Methods for Enumerations 826
The $typeof System Function 828
Structures and Unions 830
Structure Expressions 833
SystemVerilog Arrays 834
Multiple Dimensions 835
Indexing and Slicing Arrays 836
Programs 838
Writing To Variables 839
Automatic Variables 841
Multiple Drivers 842
Release Behavior 843
Integer Data Types 844
Unpacked Arrays 846
Structures 847
Using the VPI 848
SystemVerilog Operators 850
New Procedural Statements 851
Statements 852
The do while Statement 854
SystemVerilog Processes 855
The always_latch Block 858
The always_ff Block 858
Tasks and Functions 859
Functions 861
SystemVerilog Packages 866
SystemVerilog DPI 870
#5 i = i/2; 872
endtask 872
Hierarchy 874
New Data Types for Ports 876
Ref Ports on Modules 880
Encapsulation 882
Example 22-5 Basic Interface 884
Using Modports 886
Functions In Interfaces 888
Enabling SystemVerilog 889
Immediate Assertions 892
Sequences 893
Using Repetition 896
Specifying a Clock 899
Value Change Functions 899
Anding Sequences 900
Oring Sequences 901
Conditions for Sequences 902
Sequence 903
Properties 907
Inverting a Property 911
Past Value Function 912
The disable iff Construct 912
Action Blocks 918
The VPI For SVA 922
-ova_debug -ova_dir -ova_file 930
-ova_cov_name -ova_cov_db 931
The report.index.html File 947
The tests.html File 952
The category.html File 952
The hier.html File 953
Assertion System Functions 958
Using Assertion Categories 958
Using Attributes 960
VCS Flow for SVTB 967
Testbench Constructs 968
-cm_name filename 970
The string Data Type 971
String Conversion Methods 974
Predefined String Methods 978
Program Blocks 981
Dynamic Arrays 986
The new[ ] Built-In Function 986
The size() Method 988
The delete() Method 988
Associative Arrays 990
Wildcard Indexes 991
String Indexes 991
Associative Array Methods 992
VCS displays the following: 994
Queue Methods 997
The foreach Loop 1000
Constraints 1003
List of Aggregate Methods 1004
Table 24-1 1004
Constructors 1008
Static Properties 1011
Class Extensions 1015
Abstract classes 1016
Polymorphism 1018
The Output of the program is: 1020
Chaining Constructors 1024
Accessing Class Members 1028
Methods 1029
“this” keyword 1030
Class Packet Example 1032
Random Constraints 1034
Constraint Blocks 1035
External Declaration 1038
Inheritance 1038
Set Membership 1039
Weighted Distribution 1041
Implications 1042
Global Constraints 1045
Default Constraints 1046
Variable Ordering 1053
Unidirectional Constraints 1054
Constraint Early Late 1059
Static Constraint Blocks 1065
Randomize Methods 1066
Controlling Constraints 1068
Disabling Random Variables 1071
Output of the above program: 1073
In-line Constraints 1074
In-line Constraint Checker 1075
Random Number Generation 1077
$srandom() 1079
Seeding for Randomization 1081
Random Sequence Generation 1083
RSG Overview 1084
Production Declaration 1085
Production Controls 1088
Weights for Randomization 1088
Aspect Oriented Extensions 1094
Element Description 1104
Precedence 1109
Example 24-14 1116
Example 24-16 1119
Point 1: Value = 5 1123
Point 2: Value = 5 1123
Point 3: Value = 6 1123
Output is: 6 1123
Examples 1126
Examples of advice code 1128
Example 24-23 : 1128
Example 24-26 1130
Array manipulation methods 1131
Array locator methods 1133
Array reduction methods 1139
Semaphores 1143
Semaphore Methods 1145
Mailboxes 1146
Mailbox Methods 1148
Waiting for an Event 1149
Persistent Trigger 1150
Merging Events 1151
Reclaiming Named Events 1152
Event Comparison 1153
Clocking Blocks 1154
input #0 i1; 1156
`timescale 1ns/1ns 1157
Input and Output Skews 1159
Hierarchical Expressions 1160
Clocking Block Events 1162
Default Clocking Blocks 1162
Cycle Delays 1163
Input Sampling 1164
Synchronous Events 1165
Synchronous Drives 1165
Drive Value Resolution 1166
Virtual Interfaces 1173
Scope of Support 1174
Virtual Interface Modports 1174
Array of Virtual Interface 1177
Clocking Block 1178
Event Expression/Structure 1179
Null Comparison 1179
Coverage 1180
The covergroup Construct 1181
Defining a Coverage Point 1183
Bins for Value Ranges 1183
Bins for Value Transitions 1187
Defining Cross Coverage 1189
Defining Cross Coverage Bins 1190
Cumulative Coverage 1192
Instance-based Coverage 1193
Coverage Options 1193
Predefined Coverage Methods 1196
Output of the program is: 1200
Unified Coverage Reporting 1203
The Coverage Report 1204
The ASCII Text File 1204
The HTML File 1206
Post-Processing Tools 1207
Test Name Database 1208
Loading Coverage Data 1209
-cm_dir and -cm_name will 1211
-cm_dir directory_path_name 1211
VCS NTB (SV) Memory Profiler 1212
UCLI Interface 1213
CLI Interface 1213
Incremental Profiling 1214
Only Active Memory Reported 1214
Declaration : 1217
Limitations 1219
Include Files 1219
SystemVerilog File 1222
Source Protection 1 1223
Source Protection 1224
Encrypting Source Files 1225
Encrypting Specified Regions 1226
option: 1229
Encrypting SDF Files 1231
Simulating Encrypted Models 1234
Using System Tasks 1235
Writing PLI Applications 1235
Mangling Source Files 1236
-Xmangle=4 option: 1239
-Xmangle=12 option: 1240
-Xmangle=28 option: 1242
Creating A Test Case 1245
[, module_identifier...] 1246
VCS Environment Variables A 1249
VCS Environment Variables 1250
VCS_LIC_EXPIRE_WARNING 5 1252
VCS_LIC_EXPIRE_WARNING 0 1252
Compile-Time Options B 1253
% vcs top.v toil.v +v2k 1254
Compile-Time Options 1255
Options for SystemVerilog 1261
.SystemClock (SystemClock) 1265
.adder_inp1 (inp1) 1265
.adder_inp2 (inp2) 1265
Options for Debugging 1269
-cm line+cond+fsm+tgl 1276
-cm_cond basic+allops 1277
+vcdfile+filename 1283
-f -gen_asm -gen_obj 1290
-line -l -u -v -y 1290
Executable 1291
Options for Pulse Filtering 1292
Options for PLI Applications 1293
Timing Checks 1294
SmartModels 1297
+lint=[no]ID 1298
+warn=[no]ID 1299
Options for Cell Definition 1300
Options for Licensing 1301
-cc compiler 1303
-CC options 1303
Options for Source Protection 1306
General Options 1310
Enable Verilog 2001 Features 1310
Reduce Memory Consumption 1310
TetraMAX 1311
Specifying a VCD File 1311
Specifying a Log File 1312
Hardware Modeling 1313
Defining a Text Macro 1313
For Long Calls 1314
Simulation Options C 1317
Simulation Options 1318
Options for Coverage Metrics 1326
Options for Recording Output 1329
+sdfverbose 1330
Options for VPD Files 1331
Operations 1334
Options for VCD Files 1334
MIPD Annotation 1339
This appendix describes: 1341
• Compiler Directives 1341
• System Tasks and Functions 1341
Compiler Directives 1342
General Compiler Directives 1348
System Tasks and Functions 1350
System Tasks for VCD Files 1352
System Tasks for VPD Files 1358
Commands 1367
System Tasks for Log Files 1367
System Tasks for File I/O 1369
System Tasks for Time Scale 1372
System Tasks for PLA Modeling 1376
Checks for a Plusarg 1379
SDF Files 1379
Counting the Drivers on a Net 1380
Depositing Values 1380
PLI Access Routines E 1383
PLI Access Routines 1384
Parameter Value 1421
1426
*filename) 1429
int tag) 1437
No return value 1438
VCS API Routines 1467
$fseek D-30 1471

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